R and Quarto

Modern Plain Text Social Science: Week 4

Kieran Healy

October 29, 2024

Writing documents

Desired style	Use the following Markdown annotation
Heading 1	`# Heading 1`
Heading 2	`## Heading 2`
Heading 3	`### Heading 3` (Actual heading styles will vary.)
Paragraph	Just start typing
Bold	`Bold`
Italic	`Italic`
Images	`[Alternate text for image](path/image.jpg)`
Hyperlinks	`[Link text](https://www.visualizingsociety.com/)`
Unordered Lists
- First	`- First`
- Second.	`- Second`
- Third	`- Third`
Ordered Lists
1. First	`1. First`
2. Second.	`2. Second`
3. Third	`3. Third`
Footnote.¹	`Footnote[^notelabel]`
¹The note’s content.	`[^notelabel] The note's content.`

Country	Continent	Year	Lifeexp	Pop	Gdppercap
Afghanistan	Asia	1952	28.8	8425333	779.4
Afghanistan	Asia	1957	30.3	9240934	820.9
Afghanistan	Asia	1962	32.0	10267083	853.1
Afghanistan	Asia	1967	34.0	11537966	836.2
Afghanistan	Asia	1972	36.1	13079460	740.0
Afghanistan	Asia	1977	38.4	14880372	786.1
Afghanistan	Asia	1982	39.9	12881816	978.0
Afghanistan	Asia	1987	40.8	13867957	852.4
Afghanistan	Asia	1992	41.7	16317921	649.3
Afghanistan	Asia	1997	41.8	22227415	635.3
Afghanistan	Asia	2002	42.1	25268405	726.7
Afghanistan	Asia	2007	43.8	31889923	974.6
Albania	Europe	1952	55.2	1282697	1601.1
Albania	Europe	1957	59.3	1476505	1942.3
Albania	Europe	1962	64.8	1728137	2312.9
Albania	Europe	1967	66.2	1984060	2760.2
Albania	Europe	1972	67.7	2263554	3313.4
Albania	Europe	1977	68.9	2509048	3533.0
Albania	Europe	1982	70.4	2780097	3630.9
Albania	Europe	1987	72.0	3075321	3738.9
Albania	Europe	1992	71.6	3326498	2497.4
Albania	Europe	1997	73.0	3428038	3193.1
Albania	Europe	2002	75.7	3508512	4604.2
Albania	Europe	2007	76.4	3600523	5937.0
Algeria	Africa	1952	43.1	9279525	2449.0
Algeria	Africa	1957	45.7	10270856	3014.0
Algeria	Africa	1962	48.3	11000948	2550.8
Algeria	Africa	1967	51.4	12760499	3247.0
Algeria	Africa	1972	54.5	14760787	4182.7
Algeria	Africa	1977	58.0	17152804	4910.4
Algeria	Africa	1982	61.4	20033753	5745.2
Algeria	Africa	1987	65.8	23254956	5681.4
Algeria	Africa	1992	67.7	26298373	5023.2
Algeria	Africa	1997	69.2	29072015	4797.3
Algeria	Africa	2002	71.0	31287142	5288.0
Algeria	Africa	2007	72.3	33333216	6223.4
Angola	Africa	1952	30.0	4232095	3520.6
Angola	Africa	1957	32.0	4561361	3827.9
Angola	Africa	1962	34.0	4826015	4269.3
Angola	Africa	1967	36.0	5247469	5522.8
Angola	Africa	1972	37.9	5894858	5473.3
Angola	Africa	1977	39.5	6162675	3008.6
Angola	Africa	1982	39.9	7016384	2757.0
Angola	Africa	1987	39.9	7874230	2430.2
Angola	Africa	1992	40.6	8735988	2627.8
Angola	Africa	1997	41.0	9875024	2277.1
Angola	Africa	2002	41.0	10866106	2773.3
Angola	Africa	2007	42.7	12420476	4797.2
Argentina	Americas	1952	62.5	17876956	5911.3
Argentina	Americas	1957	64.4	19610538	6856.9
Argentina	Americas	1962	65.1	21283783	7133.2
Argentina	Americas	1967	65.6	22934225	8053.0
Argentina	Americas	1972	67.1	24779799	9443.0
Argentina	Americas	1977	68.5	26983828	10079.0
Argentina	Americas	1982	69.9	29341374	8997.9
Argentina	Americas	1987	70.8	31620918	9139.7
Argentina	Americas	1992	71.9	33958947	9308.4
Argentina	Americas	1997	73.3	36203463	10967.3
Argentina	Americas	2002	74.3	38331121	8797.6
Argentina	Americas	2007	75.3	40301927	12779.4
Australia	Oceania	1952	69.1	8691212	10039.6
Australia	Oceania	1957	70.3	9712569	10949.6
Australia	Oceania	1962	70.9	10794968	12217.2
Australia	Oceania	1967	71.1	11872264	14526.1
Australia	Oceania	1972	71.9	13177000	16788.6
Australia	Oceania	1977	73.5	14074100	18334.2
Australia	Oceania	1982	74.7	15184200	19477.0
Australia	Oceania	1987	76.3	16257249	21888.9
Australia	Oceania	1992	77.6	17481977	23424.8
Australia	Oceania	1997	78.8	18565243	26997.9
Australia	Oceania	2002	80.4	19546792	30687.8
Australia	Oceania	2007	81.2	20434176	34435.4
Austria	Europe	1952	66.8	6927772	6137.1
Austria	Europe	1957	67.5	6965860	8842.6
Austria	Europe	1962	69.5	7129864	10750.7
Austria	Europe	1967	70.1	7376998	12834.6
Austria	Europe	1972	70.6	7544201	16661.6
Austria	Europe	1977	72.2	7568430	19749.4
Austria	Europe	1982	73.2	7574613	21597.1
Austria	Europe	1987	74.9	7578903	23687.8
Austria	Europe	1992	76.0	7914969	27042.0
Austria	Europe	1997	77.5	8069876	29095.9
Austria	Europe	2002	79.0	8148312	32417.6
Austria	Europe	2007	79.8	8199783	36126.5
Bahrain	Asia	1952	50.9	120447	9867.1
Bahrain	Asia	1957	53.8	138655	11635.8
Bahrain	Asia	1962	56.9	171863	12753.3
Bahrain	Asia	1967	59.9	202182	14804.7
Bahrain	Asia	1972	63.3	230800	18268.7
Bahrain	Asia	1977	65.6	297410	19340.1
Bahrain	Asia	1982	69.1	377967	19211.1
Bahrain	Asia	1987	70.8	454612	18524.0
Bahrain	Asia	1992	72.6	529491	19035.6
Bahrain	Asia	1997	73.9	598561	20292.0
Bahrain	Asia	2002	74.8	656397	23403.6
Bahrain	Asia	2007	75.6	708573	29796.0
Bangladesh	Asia	1952	37.5	46886859	684.2
Bangladesh	Asia	1957	39.3	51365468	661.6
Bangladesh	Asia	1962	41.2	56839289	686.3
Bangladesh	Asia	1967	43.5	62821884	721.2
Bangladesh	Asia	1972	45.3	70759295	630.2
Bangladesh	Asia	1977	46.9	80428306	659.9
Bangladesh	Asia	1982	50.0	93074406	677.0
Bangladesh	Asia	1987	52.8	103764241	752.0
Bangladesh	Asia	1992	56.0	113704579	837.8
Bangladesh	Asia	1997	59.4	123315288	972.8
Bangladesh	Asia	2002	62.0	135656790	1136.4
Bangladesh	Asia	2007	64.1	150448339	1391.3
Belgium	Europe	1952	68.0	8730405	8343.1
Belgium	Europe	1957	69.2	8989111	9715.0
Belgium	Europe	1962	70.2	9218400	10991.2
Belgium	Europe	1967	70.9	9556500	13149.0
Belgium	Europe	1972	71.4	9709100	16672.1
Belgium	Europe	1977	72.8	9821800	19118.0
Belgium	Europe	1982	73.9	9856303	20979.8
Belgium	Europe	1987	75.3	9870200	22525.6
Belgium	Europe	1992	76.5	10045622	25575.6
Belgium	Europe	1997	77.5	10199787	27561.2
Belgium	Europe	2002	78.3	10311970	30485.9
Belgium	Europe	2007	79.4	10392226	33692.6
Benin	Africa	1952	38.2	1738315	1062.8
Benin	Africa	1957	40.4	1925173	959.6
Benin	Africa	1962	42.6	2151895	949.5
Benin	Africa	1967	44.9	2427334	1035.8
Benin	Africa	1972	47.0	2761407	1085.8
Benin	Africa	1977	49.2	3168267	1029.2
Benin	Africa	1982	50.9	3641603	1277.9
Benin	Africa	1987	52.3	4243788	1225.9
Benin	Africa	1992	53.9	4981671	1191.2
Benin	Africa	1997	54.8	6066080	1233.0
Benin	Africa	2002	54.4	7026113	1372.9
Benin	Africa	2007	56.7	8078314	1441.3
Bolivia	Americas	1952	40.4	2883315	2677.3
Bolivia	Americas	1957	41.9	3211738	2127.7
Bolivia	Americas	1962	43.4	3593918	2181.0
Bolivia	Americas	1967	45.0	4040665	2586.9
Bolivia	Americas	1972	46.7	4565872	2980.3
Bolivia	Americas	1977	50.0	5079716	3548.1
Bolivia	Americas	1982	53.9	5642224	3156.5
Bolivia	Americas	1987	57.3	6156369	2753.7
Bolivia	Americas	1992	60.0	6893451	2961.7
Bolivia	Americas	1997	62.0	7693188	3326.1
Bolivia	Americas	2002	63.9	8445134	3413.3
Bolivia	Americas	2007	65.6	9119152	3822.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1952	53.8	2791000	973.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1957	58.5	3076000	1354.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1962	61.9	3349000	1709.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1967	64.8	3585000	2172.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1972	67.4	3819000	2860.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1977	69.9	4086000	3528.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1982	70.7	4172693	4126.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1987	71.1	4338977	4314.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1992	72.2	4256013	2546.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	1997	73.2	3607000	4766.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	2002	74.1	4165416	6019.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	2007	74.9	4552198	7446.3
Botswana	Africa	1952	47.6	442308	851.2
Botswana	Africa	1957	49.6	474639	918.2
Botswana	Africa	1962	51.5	512764	983.7
Botswana	Africa	1967	53.3	553541	1214.7
Botswana	Africa	1972	56.0	619351	2263.6
Botswana	Africa	1977	59.3	781472	3214.9
Botswana	Africa	1982	61.5	970347	4551.1
Botswana	Africa	1987	63.6	1151184	6205.9
Botswana	Africa	1992	62.7	1342614	7954.1
Botswana	Africa	1997	52.6	1536536	8647.1
Botswana	Africa	2002	46.6	1630347	11003.6
Botswana	Africa	2007	50.7	1639131	12569.9
Brazil	Americas	1952	50.9	56602560	2108.9
Brazil	Americas	1957	53.3	65551171	2487.4
Brazil	Americas	1962	55.7	76039390	3336.6
Brazil	Americas	1967	57.6	88049823	3429.9
Brazil	Americas	1972	59.5	100840058	4985.7
Brazil	Americas	1977	61.5	114313951	6660.1
Brazil	Americas	1982	63.3	128962939	7030.8
Brazil	Americas	1987	65.2	142938076	7807.1
Brazil	Americas	1992	67.1	155975974	6950.3
Brazil	Americas	1997	69.4	168546719	7958.0
Brazil	Americas	2002	71.0	179914212	8131.2
Brazil	Americas	2007	72.4	190010647	9065.8
Bulgaria	Europe	1952	59.6	7274900	2444.3
Bulgaria	Europe	1957	66.6	7651254	3008.7
Bulgaria	Europe	1962	69.5	8012946	4254.3
Bulgaria	Europe	1967	70.4	8310226	5577.0
Bulgaria	Europe	1972	70.9	8576200	6597.5
Bulgaria	Europe	1977	70.8	8797022	7612.2
Bulgaria	Europe	1982	71.1	8892098	8224.2
Bulgaria	Europe	1987	71.3	8971958	8239.9
Bulgaria	Europe	1992	71.2	8658506	6302.6
Bulgaria	Europe	1997	70.3	8066057	5970.4
Bulgaria	Europe	2002	72.1	7661799	7696.8
Bulgaria	Europe	2007	73.0	7322858	10680.8
Burkina Faso	Africa	1952	32.0	4469979	543.3
Burkina Faso	Africa	1957	34.9	4713416	617.2
Burkina Faso	Africa	1962	37.8	4919632	722.5
Burkina Faso	Africa	1967	40.7	5127935	794.8
Burkina Faso	Africa	1972	43.6	5433886	854.7
Burkina Faso	Africa	1977	46.1	5889574	743.4
Burkina Faso	Africa	1982	48.1	6634596	807.2
Burkina Faso	Africa	1987	49.6	7586551	912.1
Burkina Faso	Africa	1992	50.3	8878303	931.8
Burkina Faso	Africa	1997	50.3	10352843	946.3
Burkina Faso	Africa	2002	50.6	12251209	1037.6
Burkina Faso	Africa	2007	52.3	14326203	1217.0
Burundi	Africa	1952	39.0	2445618	339.3
Burundi	Africa	1957	40.5	2667518	379.6
Burundi	Africa	1962	42.0	2961915	355.2
Burundi	Africa	1967	43.5	3330989	413.0
Burundi	Africa	1972	44.1	3529983	464.1
Burundi	Africa	1977	45.9	3834415	556.1
Burundi	Africa	1982	47.5	4580410	559.6
Burundi	Africa	1987	48.2	5126023	621.8
Burundi	Africa	1992	44.7	5809236	631.7
Burundi	Africa	1997	45.3	6121610	463.1
Burundi	Africa	2002	47.4	7021078	446.4
Burundi	Africa	2007	49.6	8390505	430.1
Cambodia	Asia	1952	39.4	4693836	368.5
Cambodia	Asia	1957	41.4	5322536	434.0
Cambodia	Asia	1962	43.4	6083619	496.9
Cambodia	Asia	1967	45.4	6960067	523.4
Cambodia	Asia	1972	40.3	7450606	421.6
Cambodia	Asia	1977	31.2	6978607	525.0
Cambodia	Asia	1982	51.0	7272485	624.5
Cambodia	Asia	1987	53.9	8371791	683.9
Cambodia	Asia	1992	55.8	10150094	682.3
Cambodia	Asia	1997	56.5	11782962	734.3
Cambodia	Asia	2002	56.8	12926707	896.2
Cambodia	Asia	2007	59.7	14131858	1713.8
Cameroon	Africa	1952	38.5	5009067	1172.7
Cameroon	Africa	1957	40.4	5359923	1313.0
Cameroon	Africa	1962	42.6	5793633	1399.6
Cameroon	Africa	1967	44.8	6335506	1508.5
Cameroon	Africa	1972	47.0	7021028	1684.1
Cameroon	Africa	1977	49.4	7959865	1783.4
Cameroon	Africa	1982	53.0	9250831	2368.0
Cameroon	Africa	1987	55.0	10780667	2602.7
Cameroon	Africa	1992	54.3	12467171	1793.2
Cameroon	Africa	1997	52.2	14195809	1694.3
Cameroon	Africa	2002	49.9	15929988	1934.0
Cameroon	Africa	2007	50.4	17696293	2042.1
Canada	Americas	1952	68.8	14785584	11367.2
Canada	Americas	1957	70.0	17010154	12490.0
Canada	Americas	1962	71.3	18985849	13462.5
Canada	Americas	1967	72.1	20819767	16076.6
Canada	Americas	1972	72.9	22284500	18970.6
Canada	Americas	1977	74.2	23796400	22090.9
Canada	Americas	1982	75.8	25201900	22898.8
Canada	Americas	1987	76.9	26549700	26626.5
Canada	Americas	1992	78.0	28523502	26342.9
Canada	Americas	1997	78.6	30305843	28954.9
Canada	Americas	2002	79.8	31902268	33329.0
Canada	Americas	2007	80.7	33390141	36319.2
Central African Republic	Africa	1952	35.5	1291695	1071.3
Central African Republic	Africa	1957	37.5	1392284	1190.8
Central African Republic	Africa	1962	39.5	1523478	1193.1
Central African Republic	Africa	1967	41.5	1733638	1136.1
Central African Republic	Africa	1972	43.5	1927260	1070.0
Central African Republic	Africa	1977	46.8	2167533	1109.4
Central African Republic	Africa	1982	48.3	2476971	956.8
Central African Republic	Africa	1987	50.5	2840009	844.9
Central African Republic	Africa	1992	49.4	3265124	747.9
Central African Republic	Africa	1997	46.1	3696513	740.5
Central African Republic	Africa	2002	43.3	4048013	738.7
Central African Republic	Africa	2007	44.7	4369038	706.0
Chad	Africa	1952	38.1	2682462	1178.7
Chad	Africa	1957	39.9	2894855	1308.5
Chad	Africa	1962	41.7	3150417	1389.8
Chad	Africa	1967	43.6	3495967	1196.8
Chad	Africa	1972	45.6	3899068	1104.1
Chad	Africa	1977	47.4	4388260	1134.0
Chad	Africa	1982	49.5	4875118	797.9
Chad	Africa	1987	51.1	5498955	952.4
Chad	Africa	1992	51.7	6429417	1058.1
Chad	Africa	1997	51.6	7562011	1005.0
Chad	Africa	2002	50.5	8835739	1156.2
Chad	Africa	2007	50.7	10238807	1704.1
Chile	Americas	1952	54.7	6377619	3940.0
Chile	Americas	1957	56.1	7048426	4315.6
Chile	Americas	1962	57.9	7961258	4519.1
Chile	Americas	1967	60.5	8858908	5106.7
Chile	Americas	1972	63.4	9717524	5494.0
Chile	Americas	1977	67.1	10599793	4756.8
Chile	Americas	1982	70.6	11487112	5095.7
Chile	Americas	1987	72.5	12463354	5547.1
Chile	Americas	1992	74.1	13572994	7596.1
Chile	Americas	1997	75.8	14599929	10118.1
Chile	Americas	2002	77.9	15497046	10778.8
Chile	Americas	2007	78.6	16284741	13171.6
China	Asia	1952	44.0	556263527	400.4
China	Asia	1957	50.5	637408000	576.0
China	Asia	1962	44.5	665770000	487.7
China	Asia	1967	58.4	754550000	612.7
China	Asia	1972	63.1	862030000	676.9
China	Asia	1977	64.0	943455000	741.2
China	Asia	1982	65.5	1000281000	962.4
China	Asia	1987	67.3	1084035000	1378.9
China	Asia	1992	68.7	1164970000	1655.8
China	Asia	1997	70.4	1230075000	2289.2
China	Asia	2002	72.0	1280400000	3119.3
China	Asia	2007	73.0	1318683096	4959.1
Colombia	Americas	1952	50.6	12350771	2144.1
Colombia	Americas	1957	55.1	14485993	2323.8
Colombia	Americas	1962	57.9	17009885	2492.4
Colombia	Americas	1967	60.0	19764027	2678.7
Colombia	Americas	1972	61.6	22542890	3264.7
Colombia	Americas	1977	63.8	25094412	3815.8
Colombia	Americas	1982	66.7	27764644	4397.6
Colombia	Americas	1987	67.8	30964245	4903.2
Colombia	Americas	1992	68.4	34202721	5444.6
Colombia	Americas	1997	70.3	37657830	6117.4
Colombia	Americas	2002	71.7	41008227	5755.3
Colombia	Americas	2007	72.9	44227550	7006.6
Comoros	Africa	1952	40.7	153936	1103.0
Comoros	Africa	1957	42.5	170928	1211.1
Comoros	Africa	1962	44.5	191689	1406.6
Comoros	Africa	1967	46.5	217378	1876.0
Comoros	Africa	1972	48.9	250027	1937.6
Comoros	Africa	1977	50.9	304739	1172.6
Comoros	Africa	1982	52.9	348643	1267.1
Comoros	Africa	1987	54.9	395114	1316.0
Comoros	Africa	1992	57.9	454429	1246.9
Comoros	Africa	1997	60.7	527982	1173.6
Comoros	Africa	2002	63.0	614382	1075.8
Comoros	Africa	2007	65.2	710960	986.1
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1952	39.1	14100005	780.5
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1957	40.7	15577932	905.9
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1962	42.1	17486434	896.3
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1967	44.1	19941073	861.6
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1972	46.0	23007669	904.9
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1977	47.8	26480870	795.8
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1982	47.8	30646495	673.7
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1987	47.4	35481645	672.8
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1992	45.5	41672143	457.7
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	1997	42.6	47798986	312.2
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	2002	45.0	55379852	241.2
Congo, Dem. Rep.	Africa	2007	46.5	64606759	277.6
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1952	42.1	854885	2125.6
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1957	45.1	940458	2315.1
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1962	48.4	1047924	2464.8
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1967	52.0	1179760	2677.9
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1972	54.9	1340458	3213.2
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1977	55.6	1536769	3259.2
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1982	56.7	1774735	4879.5
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1987	57.5	2064095	4201.2
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1992	56.4	2409073	4016.2
Congo, Rep.	Africa	1997	53.0	2800947	3484.2
Congo, Rep.	Africa	2002	53.0	3328795	3484.1
Congo, Rep.	Africa	2007	55.3	3800610	3632.6
Costa Rica	Americas	1952	57.2	926317	2627.0
Costa Rica	Americas	1957	60.0	1112300	2990.0
Costa Rica	Americas	1962	62.8	1345187	3460.9
Costa Rica	Americas	1967	65.4	1588717	4161.7
Costa Rica	Americas	1972	67.8	1834796	5118.1
Costa Rica	Americas	1977	70.8	2108457	5926.9
Costa Rica	Americas	1982	73.4	2424367	5262.7
Costa Rica	Americas	1987	74.8	2799811	5629.9
Costa Rica	Americas	1992	75.7	3173216	6160.4
Costa Rica	Americas	1997	77.3	3518107	6677.0
Costa Rica	Americas	2002	78.1	3834934	7723.4
Costa Rica	Americas	2007	78.8	4133884	9645.1
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1952	40.5	2977019	1388.6
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1957	42.5	3300000	1500.9
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1962	44.9	3832408	1728.9
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1967	47.4	4744870	2052.1
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1972	49.8	6071696	2378.2
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1977	52.4	7459574	2517.7
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1982	54.0	9025951	2602.7
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1987	54.7	10761098	2157.0
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1992	52.0	12772596	1648.1
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	1997	48.0	14625967	1786.3
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	2002	46.8	16252726	1648.8
Cote d'Ivoire	Africa	2007	48.3	18013409	1544.8
Croatia	Europe	1952	61.2	3882229	3119.2
Croatia	Europe	1957	64.8	3991242	4338.2
Croatia	Europe	1962	67.1	4076557	5477.9
Croatia	Europe	1967	68.5	4174366	6960.3
Croatia	Europe	1972	69.6	4225310	9164.1
Croatia	Europe	1977	70.6	4318673	11305.4
Croatia	Europe	1982	70.5	4413368	13221.8
Croatia	Europe	1987	71.5	4484310	13822.6
Croatia	Europe	1992	72.5	4494013	8447.8
Croatia	Europe	1997	73.7	4444595	9875.6
Croatia	Europe	2002	74.9	4481020	11628.4
Croatia	Europe	2007	75.7	4493312	14619.2
Cuba	Americas	1952	59.4	6007797	5586.5
Cuba	Americas	1957	62.3	6640752	6092.2
Cuba	Americas	1962	65.2	7254373	5180.8
Cuba	Americas	1967	68.3	8139332	5690.3
Cuba	Americas	1972	70.7	8831348	5305.4
Cuba	Americas	1977	72.6	9537988	6380.5
Cuba	Americas	1982	73.7	9789224	7316.9
Cuba	Americas	1987	74.2	10239839	7532.9
Cuba	Americas	1992	74.4	10723260	5592.8
Cuba	Americas	1997	76.2	10983007	5432.0
Cuba	Americas	2002	77.2	11226999	6340.6
Cuba	Americas	2007	78.3	11416987	8948.1
Czech Republic	Europe	1952	66.9	9125183	6876.1
Czech Republic	Europe	1957	69.0	9513758	8256.3
Czech Republic	Europe	1962	69.9	9620282	10136.9
Czech Republic	Europe	1967	70.4	9835109	11399.4
Czech Republic	Europe	1972	70.3	9862158	13108.5
Czech Republic	Europe	1977	70.7	10161915	14800.2
Czech Republic	Europe	1982	71.0	10303704	15377.2
Czech Republic	Europe	1987	71.6	10311597	16310.4
Czech Republic	Europe	1992	72.4	10315702	14297.0
Czech Republic	Europe	1997	74.0	10300707	16048.5
Czech Republic	Europe	2002	75.5	10256295	17596.2
Czech Republic	Europe	2007	76.5	10228744	22833.3
Denmark	Europe	1952	70.8	4334000	9692.4
Denmark	Europe	1957	71.8	4487831	11099.7
Denmark	Europe	1962	72.3	4646899	13583.3
Denmark	Europe	1967	73.0	4838800	15937.2
Denmark	Europe	1972	73.5	4991596	18866.2
Denmark	Europe	1977	74.7	5088419	20422.9
Denmark	Europe	1982	74.6	5117810	21688.0
Denmark	Europe	1987	74.8	5127024	25116.2
Denmark	Europe	1992	75.3	5171393	26406.7
Denmark	Europe	1997	76.1	5283663	29804.3
Denmark	Europe	2002	77.2	5374693	32166.5
Denmark	Europe	2007	78.3	5468120	35278.4
Djibouti	Africa	1952	34.8	63149	2669.5
Djibouti	Africa	1957	37.3	71851	2865.0
Djibouti	Africa	1962	39.7	89898	3021.0
Djibouti	Africa	1967	42.1	127617	3020.1
Djibouti	Africa	1972	44.4	178848	3694.2
Djibouti	Africa	1977	46.5	228694	3081.8
Djibouti	Africa	1982	48.8	305991	2879.5
Djibouti	Africa	1987	50.0	311025	2880.1
Djibouti	Africa	1992	51.6	384156	2377.2
Djibouti	Africa	1997	53.2	417908	1895.0
Djibouti	Africa	2002	53.4	447416	1908.3
Djibouti	Africa	2007	54.8	496374	2082.5
Dominican Republic	Americas	1952	45.9	2491346	1397.7
Dominican Republic	Americas	1957	49.8	2923186	1544.4
Dominican Republic	Americas	1962	53.5	3453434	1662.1
Dominican Republic	Americas	1967	56.8	4049146	1653.7
Dominican Republic	Americas	1972	59.6	4671329	2189.9
Dominican Republic	Americas	1977	61.8	5302800	2682.0
Dominican Republic	Americas	1982	63.7	5968349	2861.1
Dominican Republic	Americas	1987	66.0	6655297	2899.8
Dominican Republic	Americas	1992	68.5	7351181	3044.2
Dominican Republic	Americas	1997	70.0	7992357	3614.1
Dominican Republic	Americas	2002	70.8	8650322	4563.8
Dominican Republic	Americas	2007	72.2	9319622	6025.4
Ecuador	Americas	1952	48.4	3548753	3522.1
Ecuador	Americas	1957	51.4	4058385	3780.5
Ecuador	Americas	1962	54.6	4681707	4086.1
Ecuador	Americas	1967	56.7	5432424	4579.1
Ecuador	Americas	1972	58.8	6298651	5281.0
Ecuador	Americas	1977	61.3	7278866	6679.6
Ecuador	Americas	1982	64.3	8365850	7213.8
Ecuador	Americas	1987	67.2	9545158	6481.8
Ecuador	Americas	1992	69.6	10748394	7103.7
Ecuador	Americas	1997	72.3	11911819	7429.5
Ecuador	Americas	2002	74.2	12921234	5773.0
Ecuador	Americas	2007	75.0	13755680	6873.3
Egypt	Africa	1952	41.9	22223309	1418.8
Egypt	Africa	1957	44.4	25009741	1458.9
Egypt	Africa	1962	47.0	28173309	1693.3
Egypt	Africa	1967	49.3	31681188	1814.9
Egypt	Africa	1972	51.1	34807417	2024.0
Egypt	Africa	1977	53.3	38783863	2785.5
Egypt	Africa	1982	56.0	45681811	3503.7
Egypt	Africa	1987	59.8	52799062	3885.5
Egypt	Africa	1992	63.7	59402198	3794.8
Egypt	Africa	1997	67.2	66134291	4173.2
Egypt	Africa	2002	69.8	73312559	4754.6
Egypt	Africa	2007	71.3	80264543	5581.2
El Salvador	Americas	1952	45.3	2042865	3048.3
El Salvador	Americas	1957	48.6	2355805	3421.5
El Salvador	Americas	1962	52.3	2747687	3776.8
El Salvador	Americas	1967	55.9	3232927	4358.6
El Salvador	Americas	1972	58.2	3790903	4520.2
El Salvador	Americas	1977	56.7	4282586	5138.9
El Salvador	Americas	1982	56.6	4474873	4098.3
El Salvador	Americas	1987	63.2	4842194	4140.4
El Salvador	Americas	1992	66.8	5274649	4444.2
El Salvador	Americas	1997	69.5	5783439	5154.8
El Salvador	Americas	2002	70.7	6353681	5351.6
El Salvador	Americas	2007	71.9	6939688	5728.4
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1952	34.5	216964	375.6
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1957	36.0	232922	426.1
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1962	37.5	249220	582.8
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1967	39.0	259864	915.6
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1972	40.5	277603	672.4
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1977	42.0	192675	958.6
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1982	43.7	285483	927.8
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1987	45.7	341244	966.9
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1992	47.5	387838	1132.1
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	1997	48.2	439971	2814.5
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	2002	49.3	495627	7703.5
Equatorial Guinea	Africa	2007	51.6	551201	12154.1
Eritrea	Africa	1952	35.9	1438760	328.9
Eritrea	Africa	1957	38.0	1542611	344.2
Eritrea	Africa	1962	40.2	1666618	381.0
Eritrea	Africa	1967	42.2	1820319	468.8
Eritrea	Africa	1972	44.1	2260187	514.3
Eritrea	Africa	1977	44.5	2512642	505.8
Eritrea	Africa	1982	43.9	2637297	524.9
Eritrea	Africa	1987	46.5	2915959	521.1

Year	Africa	Americas	Asia	Europe	Oceania
1952	39.1	53.3	46.3	64.4	69.3
1957	41.3	56.0	49.3	66.7	70.3
1962	43.3	58.4	51.6	68.5	71.1
1967	45.3	60.4	54.7	69.7	71.3
1972	47.5	62.4	57.3	70.8	71.9
1977	49.6	64.4	59.6	71.9	72.9
1982	51.6	66.2	62.6	72.8	74.3
1987	53.3	68.1	64.9	73.6	75.3
1992	53.6	69.6	66.5	74.4	76.9
1997	53.6	71.2	68.0	75.5	78.2
2002	53.3	72.4	69.2	76.7	79.7
2007	54.8	73.6	70.7	77.6	80.7

Loading the tidyverse libraries

library(tidyverse)

── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ dplyr     1.1.3     ✔ readr     2.1.4
✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.0
✔ ggplot2   3.4.4     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.3     ✔ tidyr     1.3.0
✔ purrr     1.0.2     
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package to force all conflicts to become errors

The tidyverse has several components.

We’ll return to this message about Conflicts later.

species	sex	2007	2008	2009
Adelie	female	22	25	26
Adelie	male	22	25	26
Adelie	NA	6	NA	NA
Chinstrap	female	13	9	12
Chinstrap	male	13	9	12
Gentoo	female	16	22	20
Gentoo	male	17	23	21
Gentoo	NA	1	1	3

Welcome to floating point math!

In Base 10, you can’t precisely express fractions like $\frac{1}{3}$ and $\frac{1}{9}$ . They come out as repeating decimals: 0.3333… or 0.1111… You can cleanly represent fractions that use a prime factor of the base, which in the case of Base 10 are 2 and 5.

Welcome to floating point math!

Computers represent numbers as binary (i.e. Base 2) floating-points. In Base 2, the only prime factor is 2. So $\frac{1}{5}$ or $\frac{1}{10}$ in binary would be repeating.

R and Quarto Modern Plain Text Social Science: Week 4 Kieran Healy kieran.healy@duke.edu October 29, 2024